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Wprowadzenie i cel:
Sztuczne substancje słodzące są dodawane do wielu różnych produktów żywnościowych. Zasadność ich stosowania budzi jednak liczne kontrowersje, przy czym wątpliwości związane są przede wszystkim z ich bezpieczeństwem dla zdrowia. Celem tej pracy było przedstawienie wyników publikacji na ten temat, które ukazały się w ostatnich latach, oraz określenie wpływu sztucznych substancji słodzących zdrowie człowieka.

Metody przeglądu:
1. Określiliśmy problem badawczy, opierając się na o najnowszej literaturze. 2. Do bazy publikacji włączyliśmy: – artykuły znajdujące się w bazie Pubmed, – teksty opublikowane w ciągu ostatnich 20 lat, przy czym co najmniej 75% artykułów, z których korzystaliśmy, to takie, które ukazały się drukiem po 2015 roku. 3. Wykluczyliśmy opisy przypadków i badania opublikowane w językach innych niż polski lub angielski oraz badania, które wydawały się zawierać znaczące błędy metodologiczne.

Opis stanu wiedzy:
Każda sztuczna substancja słodząca może mieć unikalny wpływ na ludzki organizm. Co więcej, substancje te mogą pochodzić z różnych źródeł. Niewielu autorów wzięło pod uwagę te dwa fakty przy planowaniu swoich badań. Podejrzewa się, że sztuczne substancje słodzące mogą zwiększać ryzyko raka, chorób sercowo-naczyniowych, cukrzycy czy otyłości, ale brakuje wystarczających danych, by ostatecznie potwierdzić te przypuszczenia. Co więcej, sztuczne substancje słodzące wpływają na mikrobiotę jelitową, powodując zmiany w procesach metabolicznych zachodzących w organizmie. Skutki tych zmian również nie są dobrze zbadane.

Podsumowanie:
W dostępnej obecnie literaturze brakuje danych pozwalających jednoznacznie określić wpływ sztucznych substancji słodzących na zdrowie człowieka. Do ostatecznego ustalenia tego wpływu konieczne zdaje się przeprowadzenie badań, w których uwzględnione zostaną różne rodzaje sztucznych substancji słodzących oraz różne źródła ich pochodzenia.


Introduction and objective:
Artificial sweeteners are noncaloric substances which are added to multiple products. There used by many people as substitutes for sugar in the belief this will be beneficial to their health. However, there is much controversy about artificial sweeteners and the safety of their consumption. The purpose of this review was to assess the newest articles on this topic, and define impact of artificial sweeteners on different aspects of health.

Review methods:
1) The research question was defined on the basis of recent literature; 2) inclusion criteria: indexed in Pubmed database, published in last 20 years, at least 75% of included articles published after 2015; 3) exclusion criteria: Case Reports, studies in languages other than Polish or English; 4) studies that seemed to be significantly biased.

Brief description of the state of knowledge:
Each sweetener may have a unique impact on the human body and can be taken from a variety of sources. Only a few authors have taken these two facts into account in their studies, the results of which may be inconclusive or misinterpreted. Artificial sweeteners may increase the risk of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetesmellitus and obesity; however, these thesis are uncertain due to lack of data and possible reverse causation in observational cohort studies. There is also the presumption that artificial sweeteners can alter gut microbiota and cause a change in the glycaemic response of the organism. In opposition to this, artificial sweeteners could be useful tool in reducing weight

Summary:
According to the current literature, it is difficult to state unequivocally that artificial sweeteners have a positive, neutral, or negative impact on human health. In future studies, researchers should differentiate the types of sweeteners and focus on including all possible sources.

Szyca M, Wawrzeńczyk M, Jędrzejewska B, Przeradzki J, Kotulska M, Borycka A, Lichman M. Artificial sweeteners and their impact on human health. Med Og Nauk Zdr. 2023; 29(4): 271–276. doi: 10.26444/monz/176080
 
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