Self-treatment is most often understood as a set of activities aimed at the elimination of undesirable ailments or symptoms, without professional health staff assigned for this purpose. Self-treatment is conducive to the increase in the knowledge of the disease, sense of responsibility, and simultaneously enables a greater development of personality, improvement of life quality of patients, and leads to better distant effects. In addition, it results in considerable saving of time and money, both by patients, and the whole health care system, including the improvement of the quality of services provided by first contact physicians, and also generates savings in the economy. The most important threats pertaining to self-treatment are: drug abuse, harmful side effects, drug interactions, and postponing in time visit to a specialist, which results in delay in the diagnosis. Therefore, it is only due to the combination of mutual inter-sector effects that there appears in the society an individual capable for effective self-treatment. From the aspect of public health, having considered health and economic aspects, rational self-treatment is a highly desirable activity.