PRACA PRZEGLĄDOWA
Wpływ treningu aerobowego na wrażliwość insulinową u pacjentów z insulinoopornością
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Ukryj
1
Wydział Nauk Medycznych, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
DZIEDZINY
STRESZCZENIE
Wprowadzenie i cel:
Insulinooporność (IO) jest kluczowym zaburzeniem metabolicznym prowadzącym do cukrzycy
typu 2 i chorób sercowo-naczyniowych. Celem pracy była analiza aktualnych dowodów dotyczących wpływu treningu aerobowego na wrażliwość insulinową oraz identyfikacja optymalnych parametrów wysiłku.
Metody przeglądu:
Przeprowadzono przegląd narracyjny z elementami strategii systematycznej. Przeszukano bazy
PubMed, Google Scholar, SpringerLink i MDPI (2018–2026). Do przeglądu włączono RCT, badania kliniczne i metaanalizy oceniające wpływ strukturalnego treningu aerobowego na zwalidowane wskaźniki wrażliwości insulinowej (m.in. HOMA-IR, klamrę metaboliczną, OGTT).
Opis stanu wiedzy:
Trening aerobowy poprawia wrażliwość insulinową poprzez ostry, niezależny od insuliny mechanizm
translokacji GLUT4 (szlak AMPK) oraz przewlekłe adaptacje: wzrost ekspresji GLUT4, usprawnienie sygnalizacji IRS-1/PI3K-Akt i biogenezę mitochondriów. Ćwiczenia redukują stan zapalny i ektopową akumulację tłuszczu oraz poprawiają profil lipidowy. Efekt pojedynczej sesji utrzymuje się 24–48 h,
natomiast programy 8–16-tygodniowe wywołują trwalsze adaptacje. Umiarkowana intensywność treningu (50–70% VO₂max) wydaje się optymalna pod względem jego skuteczności i bezpieczeństwa.
Podsumowanie:
Trening aerobowy stanowi skuteczną, wieloukładową interwencję terapeutyczną w IO. Jego efekty są
zależne od dawki i wymagają systematyczności, co uzasadnia włączenie do terapii zaburzeń metabolicznych regularnej aktywności tlenowej jako podstawowego elementu leczenia.
Introduction and objective:
Insulin resistance (IR) is a key metabolic impairment leading to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to analyze current evidence on the impact of aerobic training on insulin
sensitivity and identify optimal exercise parameters for therapeutic efficacy.
Review methods:
A narrative review with systematic elements was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, SpringerLink,
and MDPI (2018–2026). The study included RCTs, clinical trials, and meta-analyses evaluating the effect of structured aerobic training on validated insulin sensitivity markers, such as HOMA-IR, the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and OGTT
Brief description of the state of knowledge:
Aerobic exercise improves insulin sensitivity through acute, insulinindependent GLUT4 translocation via the AMPK pathway and chronic adaptations like increased GLUT4 expression, enhanced IRS-1/PI3K-Akt signalling, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Training reduces systemic inflammation and ectopic fat accumulation while improving lipid profiles. Single-session effects typically last 24–48 hours, but 8–16 week programmes induce more permanent physiological adaptations. Research indicates that moderate intensity, specifically 50–70% of VO₂max, is optimal for both safety and metabolic effectiveness.
Summary:
Aerobic training is a highly effective, multi-systemic intervention for insulin resistance. Its metabolic benefits are dose-dependent and require long-term consistency to be maintained. Consequently, regular aerobic activity should be integrated as a foundational and indispensable component in the clinical treatment of metabolic disorders.
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