PRACA PRZEGLĄDOWA
Nutrigenomika i epigenetyka w prewencji cukrzycy typu 2 (T2DM): przegląd literatury
Więcej
Ukryj
1
Collegium Medicum, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski University, Kraków, Poland
2
2nd Department of Internal Medicine with a Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Stefan Żeromski Specialist Hospital, Kraków, Poland
3
Night and Holiday Healthcare Clinic, Arion Med Sp. z o.o., Gostynin, Poland
4
Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
5
Primary Health Care Clinic, MCM Górna, Łódź, Poland
6
Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Diseases, and Angiology, Prof. Leszek Giec Upper Silesian Medical Centre, Katowice, Poland
7
Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences, Kazimierz Pułaski University, Radom, Poland
8
Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrodiabetology, University Clinical Hospital No.2, Medical University, Łódż, Poland
9
Emergency Department, Bielański Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
10
Emergency Department, Specialist Hospital, Kościerzyna, Poland
Autor do korespondencji
Natalia Kosińska
Collegium Medicum, Andrzejn Frycz Modrzewski University, Kraków, Poland
Med Og Nauk Zdr. 2026;32(3):177-183
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
DZIEDZINY
STRESZCZENIE
Wprowadzenie i cel:
Cukrzyca typu 2 dotyczy ponad 500 mln dorosłych na świecie, przy czym odnotowuje się stały
wzrost liczby zachorowań. Dieta kształtuje szlaki molekularne regulujące wrażliwość na insulinę, stan zapalny i metabolizm glukozy. Nutrigenomika bada interakcje między składnikami diety a genami, a epigenetyka koncentruje się na odwracalnych mechanizmach, takich jak metylacja DNA, modyfikacje histonów i ncRNA. Przegląd syntetyzuje dane z lat 2017–2025 dotyczące roli nutrigenomiki i epigenetyki w prewencji T2DM.
Metody przeglądu:
Przeprowadzono przegląd narracyjny PubMed/PMC, obejmujący badania z udziałem ludzi z lat 2017–2025 dotyczące nutrigenomiki, epigenetyki, diety i profilaktyki T2DM. Uwzględniono w nim przede wszystkim recenzowane badania kliniczne, kohortowe, mechanistyczne
i przeglądowe, syntetyzując je tematycznie.
Opis stanu wiedzy:
Warianty genetyczne, takie jak TCF7L2, FTO i PPARG, wykazują niewielkie i niespójne interakcje dieta-gen. Zmiany epigenetyczne wynikające z diety wpływają na sygnalizację insulinową, metabolizm lipidów i szlaki zapalne, lecz zazwyczaj mają charakter krótkotrwały i obserwacyjny. Diety śródziemnomorskie i roślinne wiążą się z korzystniejszym profilem molekularnym, natomiast diety wysokotłuszczowe i wysokoglikemiczne – z profilem niekorzystnym. Wczesne próby personalizacji żywienia oparte na genomice, metabolomice lub mikrobiomie pokazują, że takie żywienie poprawia poposiłkową glikemię u części osób, ale często nie przewyższają standardowych zaleceń w populacji ogólnej. ?
Podsumowanie:
Nutrigenomika i epigenetyka umożliwiają głębsze rozumienie wpływu diety na ryzyko metaboliczne, jednak ich zastosowanie kliniczne pozostaje ograniczone. Efekty są niewielkie, zmienne między populacjami i rzadko powtarzalne. Potrzebne są długoterminowe, wieloetniczne badania wieloomiczne, aby potwierdzić biomarkery i ocenić, czy wartość predykcyjna lub terapeutyczna, którą wnoszą, przewyższa wartość uznanych strategii żywieniowych.
Introduction and objective:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects more than 500 million adults worldwide and continues
to increase. Diet shapes molecular pathways regulating insulin sensitivity, inflammation and glucose metabolism. Nutrigenomics studies nutrient-gene interactions, while
epigenetics focuses on reversible mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. This review synthesises evidence from 2017–2025 on how these processes support T2DM prevention.
Review methods:
A targeted narrative search of PubMed and PubMed Central was conducted to identify recent human evidence published between 2017–2025 on nutrigenomics, epigenetics, diet and T2DM prevention. Peer-reviewed clinical, cohort, mechanistic and review studies were prioritised and synthesised thematically.
Brief description of the state of knowledge:
Genetic variants, such as TCF7L2, FTO and PPARG, show modest, inconsistent diet-gene effects. Diet-induced changes in DNA methylation and histone marks influence insulin signalling, lipid metabolism and inflammatory pathways, but mostly
associative and short-term. Mediterranean and plant-based diets align with more favourable molecular profiles, while high-fat, high-GI diets show adverse signatures. Early personalised-nutrition trials using genomic, metabolomic or microbiome data improve postprandial glucose responses in some individuals, but often fail to outperform standard dietary
recommendations in broader populations.
Summary:
Nutrigenomic and epigenetic research improves understanding of how diet shapes metabolic risk, although clinical applicability remains limited. Most effects are small, variable across populations, and not consistently reproduced. Long-term, multi-ethnic and multi-omics studies are needed to validate biomarkers and determine whether they add predictive or therapeutic value beyond established dietary strategies.
INFORMACJE O RECENZOWANIU
Sprawdzono w systemie antyplagiatowym
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