PL EN
OPIS PRZYPADKU
Rycina z artykułu: Kryptokokowe zapalenie opon...
 
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
DZIEDZINY
STRESZCZENIE
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia opis przypadku 26-letniej pacjentki z 13-letnią historią tocznia rumieniowatego układowego (SLE), która zgłosiła się do szpitala z silnymi bólami głowy, stanem podgorączkowym, podwójnym widzeniem oraz zapaleniem stawów. Te objawy, choć częściowo nakładające się na zaostrzenie SLE, wzbudziły podejrzenie powikłania infekcyjnego lub neuropsychiatrycznej postaci tocznia (NPSLE). Podczas badania neurologicznego stwierdzono istotne ogniskowe deficyty. Zaobserwowano cechy porażenia lewego nerwu odwodzącego (VI), spłycony fałd nosowo-wargowy oraz ataksję lewej kończyny dolnej. Na podstawie obrazu klinicznego, łączącego objawy ogólnoustrojowe (gorączka, bóle głowy) z ogniskowymi ubytkami neurologicznymi (porażenie nerwu VI, ataksja), wstępnie wysunięto podejrzenie zapalenia opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych (ZOMR) i/lub zapalenia mózgu. Po wykonaniu niezbędnych badań diagnostycznych, w tym analizy płynu mózgowo-rdzeniowego (PMR), postawiono ostateczne rozpoznanie: kryptokokowe zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych. To poważne, rzadkie zakażenie grzybicze wywołane przez Cryptococcus neoformans jest szczególnie niebezpieczne dla pacjentów z obniżoną odpornością, w tym tych leczonych immunosupresyjnie z powodu SLE. Przypadek ten ma istotne implikacje kliniczne. Wskazuje on, że u pacjentów z toczniem, u których występują objawy sugerujące zajęcie ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, należy zawsze brać pod uwagę zakażenia oportunistyczne, nawet jeśli wstępne podejrzenie skłania ku aseptycznemu zapaleniu opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych związanemu z SLE. Opisany przypadek podkreśla, że diagnostyka różnicowa musi być rozszerzona i obejmować rzadkie patogeny, zwłaszcza gdy wyniki badań neurologicznych, pomimo że są niejednoznaczne dla typowego ZOMR, wskazują na patologię

This article presents a case report of a 26-year-old female patient with a 13-year history of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), who was admitted to the hospital with severe headaches, low-grade fever, diplopia, and arthritis. These symptoms, although partially overlapping with an SLE flare, raised suspicion of an infectious complication or Neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE). A neurological examination revealed significant focal deficits. Features of left abducens nerve (CN VI) palsy, a flattened nasolabial fold, and ataxia of the left lower limb were observed. Based on the clinical image, which combined systemic symptoms (fever, headache) with focal neurological deficits (CN VI palsy, ataxia), a preliminary suspicion of meningitis (ZOMR) and/or encephalitis was raised. Following necessary diagnostic tests, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, the definite diagnosis was established: Cryptococcal Meningitis. This serious, rare fungal infection, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, is particularly dangerous for immunocompromised patients, including those treated with immunosuppressants for SLE. This case has significant clinical implications. It suggests that in Lupus patients presenting with symptoms indicative of central nervous system involvement, opportunistic infections must always be considered, even if the initial suspicion leans toward SLEassociated aseptic meningitis. The case underscores that the differential diagnosis must be broad, encompassing rare pathogens, especially when neurological findings, though perhaps ambiguous for typical meningitis, clearly indicate underlying pathology.
REFERENCJE (36)
1.
Didi P, Barliana Melisa I, Hamijoyo L. Dosage and Duration of Methylprednisolone Therapy Affect the Occurrence of Cushing Habitus in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Pharm Bioall Sci. 2019;11: 628–34. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.j....
 
2.
Singh B K, Singh S. Systemic lupus erythematosus and infections. Reumatismo. 2020;72:154–169. https://doi.org/10.4081/reumat....
 
3.
Zandman Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y, Zandman Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y. Infections and SLE. Autoimmunity. 2005;38:473–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/089169....
 
4.
Stojan G, Petri M. The risk benefit ratio of glucocorticoids in SLE: have things changed over the past 40 years? Curr Treatm Opt Rheumatol. 2017;3:164–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40674....
 
5.
Navarra S. Infections in SLE. Lupus Sci Med. 2022;9:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1136/lupus-....
 
6.
Molooghi K, Sheybani F, Naderi H, et al. Central Nervous System infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Lupus Sci Med. 2022;9:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/lupus-....
 
7.
Jiang S, Lei TC, Xu SZ. Successful Treatment of cryptococcal meningitidis with amphotericin B in a patient with systematic lupus erythematosus. West Indian Med J. 2016;65:222–225. https://doi.org/10.7727/wimj.2....
 
8.
Arnaud L, Tektonidou Maria G. Long-term outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus: trends over time and major contributors. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59:29–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheuma....
 
9.
Emamikia S, Gentline C, Chatzidionysiou K, et al. Relationship between glucocorticoid dose and adverse events in systemic lupus erythematosus: data from a randomized clinical trial. Scand J Rheumatol. 2017;47:131–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/030097....
 
10.
Cohen J, Pinching A, Rees A, Peters D. Infection and immunosuppression. A study of the infective complications of 75 patients with immunologically-mediated disease. Q J Med. 1982;51(201):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/014107....
 
11.
Wu Q, Liu Y, Wang W, et al. Incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2022;13:938406. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.....
 
12.
Pego-Reigosa J, Nicholson L, Pooley N, et al. The risk of infections in adult patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology. 2021;60:60–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheuma....
 
13.
Battaglia M, Garrett-Sinha L. Bacterial infections in lupus: Roles in promoting immune activation and in pathogenesis of the disease. J Transl Autoimmun. 2021;4:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtau....
 
14.
Horta-Baas G, Guerrero-Soto O, Barile-Fabris B. Central Nervous System Infection by Listeria monocytogenes in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Analysis of 26 Cases, Including the Report of a New Case. Reumatol Clin. 2013;9:340–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reum....
 
15.
Rao M, Mikdashi J. A Framework to Overcome Challenges in the Management of Infections in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Open Access Rheumatol. 2023;15:125–137. https://doi.org/10.2147/oarrr.....
 
16.
Hui Min Charlotte Choo, Wen Qi Cher1, Yu Heng Kwanand Warren Weng Seng Fong. Risk factors for cytomegalovirus disease in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a systematic review. Adv Rheumatol. 2019;59:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42358....
 
17.
Sebastiani GD, Iuliano A, Canofari A, Bracci M. Cytomegalovirus infection in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: report of four cases challenging the management of the disease, and literature review. Lupus. 2019;1–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/096120....
 
18.
Sciascia S, Bertolaccini M.L, Baldovino S, et al. Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: Overview on classification criteria. Autoimmun Rev. 2013;13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autr....
 
19.
The American college of rheumatology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;44:599–608. https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0....
 
20.
Hanly JG, Urowitz MB, Su L, et al. Prospective analysis of neuropsychiatric events in an international disease inception cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:529–35. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.20....
 
21.
McGlassonS, Wiseman S, Wardlaw J, et al. Neurological Disease in Lupus: Toward a Personalized Medicine Approach. Front Immunol. 2018; 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.....
 
22.
Heba Ezzat Hashem, Zakaria Hamza Ibrahim. Atypical Presentation of Pediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Complicated by Cryptococcal Meningitis Case Rep Med. 2021;1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6....
 
23.
Chin-Fang Su, Chien-Chih Lai, Tzu-Hao L, et al. Epidemiology and risk of invasive fungal infections in systemic lupus erythematosus: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2021;13:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/175972....
 
24.
Lao M, Wang X, Ding M, et al. Invasive fungal disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from Southern China: a retrospective study. Lupus. 2019;28:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/096120....
 
25.
Frodlund M, Jonsen A, Remkus L, et al. Glucocorticoid treatment in SLE is associated with infections, comorbidities and mortality—a national cohort study. Rheumatology. 2024;63:1104–1112. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheuma....
 
26.
Al Mahmeed N, El Nekidy WS, Langah R, Nusair AR. Meningitidis as the initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. IDCases. 2020;21:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr....
 
27.
Ngan N, Flower B, Day J. Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitidis: How Have we got here and where are we going? Drugs. 2022;82:1237–1249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265....
 
28.
Wang F, WangYu, He J, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Mortality in Cryptococcal Meningitis: Evidence From a Cohort Study. Front Neurol. 2022;13:779435–442. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.....
 
29.
Vela-Duarte D, Nyberg E, Sillau S, et al. Lacunar Stroke in Cryptococcal Meningitis: Clinical and Radiographic Characteristics. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019;28(6):1767–1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstr....
 
30.
Chang C, Harrison T, Bicanic T, et al. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of cryptococcosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;23:731–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-....
 
31.
Liang L, Liang Z, She D, Chen L. A case-control study of human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients with cryptococcemia and cryptococcal meningitis in a Chinese tertiary care hospital during 10 years. J Int Med Res. 2021;49:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/030006....
 
32.
Fisher K, Montrief T, Ramzy M, et al. Cryptococcal meningitidis: a review for emergency clinicans. Intern Emerg Med. 2021;16:1031–1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739....
 
33.
Baizabal-Carvallo J, Delgadillo-Márquez G, Estañol B, García-Ramos G. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of the Meningitides in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Eur Neurol. 2008;8:143–148. https://doi.org/10.1159/000186....
 
34.
Tsokos G. Autoimmunity and organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Immunol. 2020;21(6):605–614. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590....
 
35.
Fisher Kunzler A, Tsokos G. Infections in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Contribution of Primary Immune Defects Versus Treatment-Induced Immunosuppression. Eur J Rheumatol. 2023;10(4):148–158. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurjrh....
 
36.
Jing He, Zhanguo Li. Dilemma of immunosuppression and infection risk in systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatol. 2023;62:22–29.
 
eISSN:2084-4905
ISSN:2083-4543
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top