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Wprowadzenie i cel:
Marihuana w skali globalnej jest jedną z najczęściej stosowanych przez ludzi nielegalnych używek. Biorąc pod uwagę, że ok. 4% światowej populacji pali marihuanę, należy stwierdzić, iż zdecydowanie pozostawia w tyle inne narkotyki. Obecnie obserwuje się tendencję wzrostową w zakresie używania marihuany, co widać najbardziej w grupach nastolatków i młodych dorosłych. Rozpoczęcie stosowania marihuany przez osoby z tych grup wiekowych może wiązać się z psychiatrycznymi efektami ubocznymi u tych osób w życiu dorosłym.

Metody przeglądu:
Przeszukano internetowe bazy danych PubMed, PubMed Central i Google Scholar, używając fraz i terminów związanych z tezą niniejszej pracy. Po analizie abstraktów zostały wybrane artykuły w języku angielskim, francuskim i polskim prezentujące najnowszą wiedzę, wsparte artykułami i materiałami internetowymi. Ze wstępnego wyszukiwania wyodrębniono 62 pozycji, które poddano przeglądowi w tej pracy. Podsumowanie badań przedstawiono w tab. 2.

Opis stanu wiedzy:
Związki psychoaktywne zawarte w marihuanie, głównie delta-9-tetrahydrokannabinol, działają poprzez wiązanie się z receptorami kannabinoidowymi. Długotrwałe stosowanie marihuany może zatem prowadzić do psychoz lub schizofrenii. Oprócz dawki tej używki, głównym czynnikiem ryzyka psychozy jest wczesny wiek rozpoczęcia jej stosowania, przypadający na okres dojrzewania. Palenie marihuany podczas najintensywniejszego rozwoju mózgu skutkuje nieprawidłowymi funkcjami poznawczymi, z czego wynika narażenie na psychozy w wieku dorosłym.

Podsumowanie:
Stosowanie marihuany w wieku dojrzewania jest zgodnie postrzegane jako niebezpieczne i może prowadzić do schorzeń mentalnych w wieku dorosłym. Nielegalny status tej używki w Polsce, dodatkowy wpływ środowiska oraz choroby współistniejące mogą tylko pogorszyć rokowanie. Osoby w wieku dojrzewania powinny być w jak najmniejszym stopniu narażone na substancje psychoaktywne.


Introduction and objective:
Cannabis is one of the most widely used illegal stimulants in the world. With a worldwide usage rate of about 4% of the population, it definitely leaves other drugs behind. Currently, the trend of cannabis use is upward which is most visible in the adolescent and young adult age groups. Earlier onset of cannabis use may be associated with psychiatric side effects in adulthood.

Review methods:
PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar online databases were searched using phrases related to the topic. After reviewing the abstracts, articles in English, French and Polish presenting the latest knowledge were selected whenever possible. The types of articles reviewed were original papers, and review papers. Finally, a total of 62 items of literature and websites were selected. A simple summary of the research is presented in Table 2.

Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge:
Cannabis psychoactive compounds, mainly Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, act by binding to cannabinoid receptors. This mainly affects the mental sphere leading to memory lapses, abnormal sense of time or perceptual impact. Long-term use can result in psychosis or schizophrenia. Studies prove that in addition to the dose of cannabis used, the main risk factor for psychosis is the early age of initiation ocurring usually in adolescence. Cannabis use during the most intensive brain development can result in abnormal cognitive functions with resulting exposure to psychosis in adulthood.

Summary:
Cannabis use in adolescence is unanimously considered unsafe and may lead to mental disorders in adulthood. The illegal status of cannabis in Poland, additional environmental influences and comorbidities can only exacerbate the prognosis. People in adolescence should be exposed to psychoactive substances minimally as possible.

Furgoł T, Miciak M, Jezierzański MM, Fogiel O, Czogalik Ł, Posid D. Relationship between cannabis use in adolescence and the incidence of psychosis in adulthood – literature review. Med Og Nauk Zdr. 2024; 30(2): 96–103. doi: 10.26444/monz/188321
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