RESEARCH PAPER
Lead in hair of academic adolescents in France, Poland and Belarus from sociomedical perspective
1
Faculty of Health Sciences, John Paul II University, Polska
2
Faculty of Nursing, International Academy in Łomża
3
Departament of Health Sciences, Medical University of Białystok, Polska
4
Departament of Health Sciences, John Paul II University, Polska
5
Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, Polska
Corresponding author
Iwona Gładysz
Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, Sidorska 95/97, 21-500, Biała Podlaska, Polska
Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Akademia Bialska im. Jana Pawła II, Sidorska 95/97, 21-500, Biała Podlaska, Polska
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction and objective:
Lead is a toxic metal known to cause harm to the central nervous system. The aim of the study was to present the relationship between demographic characteristics (age, gender, place of residence) and the content of Pb in hair of university students from France (Niort), Poland (Biała Podlaska) and Belarus (Grodno).
Material and methods:
The study was conducted on a hair sample and with the use of an author-constructed questionnaire. Hair samples were collected in the amount of 0.2–0.5 g, cut off as close to the skin as possible. Hair samples were degreased with chloroform, dried on filter paper, rinsed in acetone, and then dried again. Pb concentration in the hair was determined using a scanning electron microscope SEM, on a Hitachi TM-3000 instrument equipped with an X-ray with EDS spectrometer for microanalysis. The accuracy of this method was verified against the Chinese certified reference material NCS ZC81002.
Results:
A total of 121 people aged between 18–44 were surveyed. Differences in lead content were observed according to the place of residence. Higher levels of lead in hair were found in the examined males from Belarus, compared to females from that country. Higher levels of lead were found in respondents aged 22 and over, compared to respondents aged 18–19, and 20–21.
Conclusions:
Significant differences in the levels of Pb were found according to the place of residence and gender only in students from Belarus. Statistical analysis did not confirm statistically significant differences in the level of lead among students of different ages in different countries. Pb content in hair can be a marker while assessing social and living conditions of university students.
Lead is a toxic metal known to cause harm to the central nervous system. The aim of the study was to present the relationship between demographic characteristics (age, gender, place of residence) and the content of Pb in hair of university students from France (Niort), Poland (Biała Podlaska) and Belarus (Grodno).
Material and methods:
The study was conducted on a hair sample and with the use of an author-constructed questionnaire. Hair samples were collected in the amount of 0.2–0.5 g, cut off as close to the skin as possible. Hair samples were degreased with chloroform, dried on filter paper, rinsed in acetone, and then dried again. Pb concentration in the hair was determined using a scanning electron microscope SEM, on a Hitachi TM-3000 instrument equipped with an X-ray with EDS spectrometer for microanalysis. The accuracy of this method was verified against the Chinese certified reference material NCS ZC81002.
Results:
A total of 121 people aged between 18–44 were surveyed. Differences in lead content were observed according to the place of residence. Higher levels of lead in hair were found in the examined males from Belarus, compared to females from that country. Higher levels of lead were found in respondents aged 22 and over, compared to respondents aged 18–19, and 20–21.
Conclusions:
Significant differences in the levels of Pb were found according to the place of residence and gender only in students from Belarus. Statistical analysis did not confirm statistically significant differences in the level of lead among students of different ages in different countries. Pb content in hair can be a marker while assessing social and living conditions of university students.
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| eISSN: | 2084-4905 |
| ISSN: | 2083-4543 |
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