Introduction and objective:
Respiratory diseases such as influenza, COVID-19 or pertussis pose a significant public health threat, especially among at-risk groups such as the elderly and chronically ill. The aim of this article is to assess the potential of intranasal vaccines as a modern, safe and promising alternative to classical immunization methods, especially in the context of preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

Review methods:
The literature review was based on PubMed and Google Scholar databases (up to 31 December 2024), with no restrictions on publication date. The search terms used were: ‘pertussis vaccination’, ‘COVID-19 vaccination’, ‘influenza vaccination’. Studies in animal and human models on the efficacy of intranasal vaccination were included.

Brief description of the state of knowledge:
Intranasal preparations against influenza, pertussis and COVID-19 show great potential. The use of hydrogel substances can prolong the presence of the antigen in the nasal cavity, promoting the development of durable immunity. BPZE1 is a pertussis vaccine with good tolerability and efficacy in clinical trials. It has also been shown that the combination of intranasal and systemic vaccines can enhance the immune response.

Summary:
Intranasal vaccines are effective in inducing mucosal and systemic immune responses against pertussis, influenza and SARS-CoV-2. The present results suggest that they may become an important tool for the prevention of respiratory diseases and require further clinical trials.