RESEARCH PAPER
Nurtitional status and nutrition among 13–15 year-old boys from competitive sport-oriented junior high school in Warsaw
1
Zakład Fizjologii Żywienia, Instytut Sportu w Warszawie
2
Samodzielna Pracownia Epidemiologii i Norm Żywienia, Instytut Żywności i Żywienia w Warszawie
Med Og Nauk Zdr. 2013;19(4):539-543
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Inadequate intake of energy and macronutrients by adolescents may adversely affect health and physical development.
Aim:
The objective of the study was the evaluation of nutritional status in connection with nutrition among 13–15-year-old boys from a sports junior high school.
Material and Methods:
The study was conducted among 44 boys. Nutritional status was assessed according to the Cole and IMiDz criteria. The measurements of skinfolds, body height, and body weight were performed, and body fat and BMI calculated. Nutritional data was collected using a 24-hour recall (3 days/week). Usual daily intake of energy, protein, fats, carbohydrates, fibre and water was estimated. To assess the prevalence of deficient intake of energy, macronutrients, fibre and water, the cut of point method was used in relation to the respective levels norms: Estimated Energy Requirement (EER), Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) or Adequate Intake (AI). Intake of protein was related also to the recommended intake level (RDA). Intake of protein and carbohydrates also referenced the recommendations for athletes.
Result:
None of the subjects was obese. The prevalence of underweight and overweight were low and amounted respectively 4.5 and 4.5% (by Cole) and 2.3 and 2.3% (by IMiDz). Subjects consumed adequate amounts of protein and carbohydrates. An inadequate intake of energy, fibre and water occurred in 38%, 12.5% and 28.3% of subjects, respectively, and excessive fat in 61.0%.
Conclusions:
Normal nutritional status observed in most of boys indicated an appropriate energy and protein intake. Underestimation of the intake of energy, as well as overestimation of physical activity, may be the cause of commonly observed deficiencies of energy intake. The study confirms the beneficial effects of increased physical activity on nutritional status and body composition.
Inadequate intake of energy and macronutrients by adolescents may adversely affect health and physical development.
Aim:
The objective of the study was the evaluation of nutritional status in connection with nutrition among 13–15-year-old boys from a sports junior high school.
Material and Methods:
The study was conducted among 44 boys. Nutritional status was assessed according to the Cole and IMiDz criteria. The measurements of skinfolds, body height, and body weight were performed, and body fat and BMI calculated. Nutritional data was collected using a 24-hour recall (3 days/week). Usual daily intake of energy, protein, fats, carbohydrates, fibre and water was estimated. To assess the prevalence of deficient intake of energy, macronutrients, fibre and water, the cut of point method was used in relation to the respective levels norms: Estimated Energy Requirement (EER), Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) or Adequate Intake (AI). Intake of protein was related also to the recommended intake level (RDA). Intake of protein and carbohydrates also referenced the recommendations for athletes.
Result:
None of the subjects was obese. The prevalence of underweight and overweight were low and amounted respectively 4.5 and 4.5% (by Cole) and 2.3 and 2.3% (by IMiDz). Subjects consumed adequate amounts of protein and carbohydrates. An inadequate intake of energy, fibre and water occurred in 38%, 12.5% and 28.3% of subjects, respectively, and excessive fat in 61.0%.
Conclusions:
Normal nutritional status observed in most of boys indicated an appropriate energy and protein intake. Underestimation of the intake of energy, as well as overestimation of physical activity, may be the cause of commonly observed deficiencies of energy intake. The study confirms the beneficial effects of increased physical activity on nutritional status and body composition.
REFERENCES (26)
1.
Charzewska J, Wajszczyk B, Chabros E, Rogalska Niedźwiedź M. Aktywność fizyczna w Polsce w różnych grupach według wieku i płci. W: Jarosz M, (red.). Otyłość, żywienie, aktywność fizyczna, zdrowie Polaków. Diagnoza stanu odżywienia, aktywności fizycznej i żywieniowych czynników ryzyka otyłości oraz przewlekłych chorób niezakaźnych w Polsce (1960–2005). Wyd 1. Warszawa: IŻŻ; 2006: 311–340.
2.
Jarosz M, Szponar L, Rychlik E, Respondek W, Ołtarzewski MG, Dzieniszewski J. i wsp. Nadwaga, otyłość, niedożywienie w Polsce. W: Jarosz M, (red.). Otyłość, żywienie, aktywność fizyczna, zdrowie Polaków. Diagnoza stanu odżywienia, aktywności fizycznej i żywieniowych czynników ryzyka otyłości oraz przewlekłych chorób niezakaźnych w Polsce (1960–2005). Wyd 1. Warszawa: IŻŻ; 2006:45–114.
3.
Szponar L, Sekuła W, Rychlik E, Ołtarzewski M, Figurska K. Badania indywidualnego spożycia żywności i stanu odżywienia w gospodarstwach domowych. Warszawa: Prace IŻŻ 101, 2003.
4.
Chabros E, Charzewska J, Wajszczyk B, Chwojnowska Z. Częstość występowania niedoborowej masy ciała u młodzieży warszawskiej w wieku pokwitania w ostatnich 3 dekadach. Probl Hig Epidemiol. 2011, 92(1): 99–102.
5.
Charzewska J, Wajszczyk B, Chwojnowska Z, Rogalska Niedźwiedź M, Chabros E. Żywieniowe czynniki ryzyka przewlekłych chorób niezakaźnych w populacji dzieci i młodzieży. W: Jarosz M, (red.). Otyłość, żywienie, aktywność fizyczna, zdrowie Polaków. Diagnoza stanu odżywienia, aktywności fizycznej i żywieniowych czynników ryzyka otyłości oraz przewlekłych chorób niezakaźnych w Polsce (1960–2005). Wyd 1. Warszawa: IŻŻ; 2006:149–218.
6.
Lohman TG. Applicability of body composition techniques and constans for children and youths.W: Pandolf K.B. (red.). Exercise and Sport Sci Rev. 1986, 14: 325–358.
7.
Jodkowska M, Woynarowska B, Oblacińska A. Test przesiewowy do wykrywania zaburzeń w rozwoju fizycznym u dzieci i młodzieży w wieku szkolnym. Warszawa: IMiDz; 2007.
8.
Cole TJ, Flegal KM, Nicholls D, Jackson AA. Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: international survey. BMJ. 2007, 335:194–202.
9.
Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000; 320, 1240–1243.
10.
Program komputerowy Dieta 5.0 do planowania i bieżącej oceny żywienia indywidualnego. Warszawa: IŻŻ, 2010.
11.
Kunachowicz H, Nadolna I, Przygoda B. Iwanow K. Tabele wartości odżywczej produktów spożywczych i potraw. Wyd 3. Warszawa: IŻŻ, 2005.
12.
Jarosz M. (red). Normy żywienia dla populacji polskiej – nowelizacja. Warszawa: IŻŻ, 2012.
13.
Szponar L, Wolnicka K, Rychlik E. Album fotografii produktów i potraw. Warszawa: Prace IŻŻ 96, 2000.
14.
Burke LM, Hawley JA, Stephen HS, Wong SHS & Jeukendrup AE: Carbohydrates for training and competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2011; 29(1): 17–27.
15.
FAO/WHO/UNU (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization/United Nations University) Human energy requirements, Report of a join 2021 FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation: Rome, 17–24 October 2001, FAO Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series, 2004.
16.
Oblacińska A, Tabak I, Jodkowska M. Demograficzne i regionalne uwarunkowania niedoboru masy ciała u polskich nastolatków. Przegl Epidemiol. 2007, 61, 785–793.
17.
Chabros E, Charzewska J, Rogalska-Niedźwiedź M, Wajszczyk B, Chwojnowska Z, Fabiszewska J. Mała aktywność fizyczna młodzieży w wieku pokwitania sprzyja rozwojowi otyłości. Probl Hig Epidemiol. 2008, 89(1): 58–61.
18.
Turocy PS, DePalma BF, Horswill CA, Laquale KM, Martin TJ, Perry AC, et al. National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Safe Weight Loss and Maintenance Practices in Sport and Exercise Journal of Athletic Training 2011; 46(3): 322–336.
19.
Woynarowska B. Wybrane zagadnienia w sporcie dzieci i młodzieży. W: Jegier A, Nazar K, Dziak A. (red.). Medycyna sportowa. Warszawa: PTMS; 2005: 175–234.
20.
Chwojnowska Z, Charzewska J, Chabros E, Rogalska-Niedźwiedź M, Wajszczyk B. Sposób żywienia i stan odżywienia warszawskiej młodzieży w wieku pokwitania. Żyw. Człow. Metab. 2002, 29, Supl. 123–127.
21.
WHO/FAO. Protein and Amino Acids Requirements in Human Nutrition. Report of a Joint WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation, Geneva 2002. WHO Technical Report Series 935. WHO, Geneva 2007.
22.
Campbell B, Kreider RB, Ziegenfuss T, La Bounty P, Roberts M, Burke D i wsp. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. IJSSN. 2007, 4: 8, 2–7.
24.
Goluch-Koniuszy Z, Friedrich M, Radziszewska M. Ocena sposobu żywienia i stanu odżywienia oraz prozdrowotna edukacja żywieniowa dzieci w okresie skoku pokwitaniowego z terenu miasta Szczecin. Roczn. PZH 2009, 60, 2: 143–149.
25.
Szczepańska B, Malczewska-Lenczowska J, Gajewski J. Zwyczaje żywieniowe młodzieży gimnazjalnej z warszawskiej Szkoły Mistrzostwa Sportowego. Żyw. Człow. Metab. 2007, XXXIV (1/2), 578–586.
26.
Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007; 39: 377–390.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2084-4905 |
| ISSN: | 2083-4543 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
